NAD+, or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, is a vital coenzyme that powers cellular energy production, DNA repair, and metabolic processes, and its decline is linked to aging and age-related diseases.
Biological Function
NAD+ is a coenzyme found in every living cell, playing a critical role in cellular metabolism and energy production. It acts as an electron carrier in metabolic reactions, converting nutrients into ATP, the cell’s primary energy currency.
Besides energy conversion, NAD+ is essential for DNA repair, maintaining genomic stability, and regulating enzymes called sirtuins, which help control metabolism, stress response, and aging.
NAD+ also participates in signaling pathways in the immune system and modulates circadian rhythm.
NAD+ and Aging
NAD+ levels naturally decline with age and due to stressors such as poor diet, sedentary lifestyle, excessive alcohol intake, and certain diseases.
This decline is associated with metabolic dysfunction, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disease, and reduced DNA repair capabilities, which can accelerate aging and age-related pathologies.
Maintaining or restoring NAD+ levels is being investigated for its potential to improve metabolic health, support neuroprotection, enhance muscle function, and prolong cellular healthspan.
NAD+ Precursors and Supplementation
The body can synthesize NAD+ from dietary sources, including forms of vitamin B3 such as niacin, nicotinamide, and the amino acid tryptophan.
NAD+ can also be replenished through supplements, often using precursors such as nicotinamide riboside (NR) or nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN).
These precursors are converted into NAD+ inside cells. Supplements or therapies may be delivered orally, via injection, or intravenously, though the bioavailability of direct NAD+ supplementation is typically lower compared with precursor.
Potential Health Benefits and Considerations
Early research suggests that restoring NAD+ levels may:
Increase cellular energy and metabolism by boosting ATP production.
Support DNA repair and genomic stability, potentially slowing cellular aging.
Improve cognitive and neuroprotective functions, aiding brain health and possibly reducing neurodegeneration.
Enhance muscle function and cardiovascular health, particularly in older adults.
Support skin repair and resist premature aging.
NAD+ supplementation appears generally safe at recommended doses, but high doses may have mild side effects such as headaches, nausea, or flushing, and more research is needed to confirm efficacy in humans.
. Lifestyle factors like regular exercise, adequate sleep, and diets rich in vitamin B3 can also naturally enhance NAD+ levels.
***DISCLAIMER*** Prescription medications require evaluation by a licensed provider. Individual results may vary.